Unit 3 :
Advances in Science and Technology:
Vocabulary :
- pseudo =
false, fake, not genuine.
- events =
happenings.
- benefits
= advantages.
- on your
own = independently.
- fundamental
: important.
- headways : progress, strides.
Expressing purpose:
|
:Structure |
:Examples |
|
so as to + infinitive |
She
left home early so as to be on time for the interview |
|
for + ……ing |
Posters and
brochures are used for interviewing people to study |
|
to + infinitive |
Souad
goes jogging every morning to keep fit and healthy |
|
so
that + modal |
He trains very hard so
that he can be ready for the next Olympic Games |
|
for + noun |
Akram
met Mr. Johnson for an interview |
|
in order to + infinitive |
Adults go to
literacy classes in order to learn how to read and write |
Other Structures to express purpose:
.Research is
being done with the aim of developing a cure to bird flu-
.The
association is raising money with the objective of building a street
children center-
.He went to
the clinic with the intention of doing a general check-up-
.An investigation is carried out for the purpose of determining the cause of the accident-
Making and responding to complaints about behavior:
|
Complaining :
|
|
- I’ve been patient long enough, but… - I just don’t know how to say it, but… - I’m afraid I have to make a serious complaint. - Sorry to bother you, but… - Look, I’m sorry to trouble you, but… - Sorry to say it, but you……. - I’m not satisfied with the way you… |
|
Rejecting a complaint: |
|
-I’m
afraid there isn’t much we can do about it. -Well,
I’m afraid there’s nothing we can do about it actually. |
|
Apologizing:
|
|
-
I can’t tell you how sorry I am. -
I’m awfully sorry. -
I’m terribly sorry. -
Sorry to hear that. -
dear. I’m really sorry. -
I just don’t know what to say. -
I’m sorry. I didn’t realize. -
I do apologise. Sorry about that. -
I’m very sorry. |
|
Refusing/Accepting Apologies: |
|
-
It’s not important. -
Don’t worry about it. -
I see no reason why I should. -
Never mind. -
It’s O.K. |
Expressing Certainty and Uncertainty :
Expressing certainty:
Do you
think that scientists will find a cure to cancer in the near future?
|
yes |
no |
|
- definitely. - certainly. - of course - I’m absolutely sure they will. - I’m quite sure they will. - I’m certain they will. - I’m positive they will. |
- definitely not. - certainly not. - absolutely not. - I’m absolutely sure they won’t. - I’m quite sure they won’t. - I’m certain they won’t. - I’m positive they won’t.
|
Expressing uncertainty:
|
Well |
I suppose but |
|
- it
could happen. - it’s
not possible. - you
never know of course. - no
one can say for certain. - it’s
possible. - there
might be. |
- I
have my doubts. - it’s
doubtful. - it’s
highly unlikely. - it’s
improbable. - I’m
not really sure. - I
doubt it. |
Phrasal verbs :
- turn
down (1) : refuse : he turned
down the new job because he didn’t want to move.
- turn
down (2) : lower the volume : Please turn down, I’m sleeping.
- put
down : make someone feel stupid: Why did you have to put me down
in front of everybody like that?
- look
forward to : I'm looking forward to the holidays.
- bump up : increase : They bump up their prices in the summer months.
CONDITIONAL TYPE 3 / WISHES:
Conditional type 3:
|
Form |
Example |
|
If
+ past perfect + would have +
past participle |
If
the leaders had been wiser, the
war wouldn’t have brokenout. |
- If Jamal hadn’t eaten a
lot, he wouldn’t have had a stomach-ache.
- If he had slept early, he
could have got up in the morning.
- He wouldn’t have missed several lessons if he had gone to school.
- If he had gone to school, he
would have done the test.
Wishes:
|
Form |
Example |
|
I
wish / wished / If only + past participle |
My
grandfather wishes he had had a cell phone
in his childhood. |
- I wish my father had bought me computer last year. I could be a programmer then.
- I wish I hadn’t eaten so
much last night. I felt terrible then.
- Health
authorities wish people got immunized.
- jamal wishes his satellite receiver hadn’t
stopped working.
Expressions of concession and addition:
- Although it was raining, we went out.
- In
spite of the rain, we went out.
- In
spite of the fact that it was raining, we went out.
- Along
with being busy with her professional career, Rachida is a good mother.
- His
parents were illiterate. Consequently, they didn’t send him to school when he was young.
- women
need education as well as health care.